Hydrothermal Carbonization of Spent Coffee Grounds for Producing Solid Fuel

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are industrial biowaste resulting from the coffee-brewing process, and they often underutilized end up in landfills, thereby leading to emission of toxic gases environmental damage. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an attractive approach valorize wet biomass such as SCG valuable bioproducts (i.e., hydrochar). Thus, this work, HTC was carried out a 500 L stainless steel vessel at 150, 170, 190, 210, 230 °C for 30 min, 60 90 120 min feedstock water weight ratio 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, use hydrochar solid fuel evaluated. The results showed that high energy recovery (83.93%) HHV (23.54 MJ/kg) obtained moderate conditions (150 °C, 1:5) when compared with conventional approaches torrefaction. Following this, surface morphology, functionality, combustion behavior were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA, respectively. In short, it can be concluded effective producing has potential applied either domestic heating or large-scale co-firing plants.